Totally endoscopic transmitral septal myectomy for the treatment of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction after alcohol septal ablation / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To investigate the surgical strategies and clinical efficacy of transmitral septal myectomy in the treatment of recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) after alcohol septal ablation. Methods    The clinical data of patients with recurrent LVOTO after alcohol septal ablation from July 2020 to July 2021 in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were preoperatively evaluated by echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac computed tomography, 3D modeling and printing technology. A personalized surgical strategy was preoperatively developed according to multimodality imaging assessment, while visual exploration was performed on the digital model and simulated surgical resection was performed on the printed model. Results     Two female patients were enrolled, aged 62 years and 64 years, respectively. Totally endoscopic transmitral extended myectomy was successfully performed on both patients with aortic cross-clamping time of 96 min and 85 min, respectively. LVOTO was relieved immediately (subaortic peak pressure gradient decreased from 100 mm Hg to 4 mm Hg and from 84 mm Hg to 6 mm Hg, respectively) and the mitral regurgitation significantly improved after the procedure. No patient had complete atrioventricular block or required permanent pacemaker implantation. The patients were discharged uneventfully without postoperative complications. Conclusion    Personalized totally endoscopic transmitral extended myectomy combined with multimodality imaging assessment and 3D modeling and printing has an acceptable clinical effect in patients with recurrent LVOTO after alcohol septal ablation. The procedure can precisely resect the hypertrophic septal myocardium while avoiding serious complications such as septal perforation or complete atrioventricular block.

Ablação septal com cateteres e radiofrequência guiada pela ecocardiografia para tratamento de pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva: experiência inicial / Septal ablation with radiofrequency catheters guided by echocardiography for treatment of patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: initial experience

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) can cause obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and be responsible for the onset of limiting symptoms, such as tiredness. When such symptoms are refractory to pharmacological treatment, interventionist alternative therapies can be useful, such as septal ablation through the infusion of alcohol in the coronary artery or through myectomy. Recently, the use of a radiofrequency (RF) catheter for endocardial septal ablation guided by electroanatomic mapping has proven to be efficient, despite the high incidence of complete atrioventricular block. An alternative would be the application of RF at the beginning point of the septal gradient guided by the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The echocardiography is an imaging method with high accuracy to determine septal anatomy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long term effect of septal ablation for the relief of ventricular-arterial gradient, using TEE to help place the catheter in the area of larger septal obstruction. Besides, to assess the effects of ablation on the functional class and echocardiographic parameters. METHODS: Twelve asymptomatic patients, with LVOT obstruction, refractory to pharmacological therapy, underwent endocardial septal ablation with 8mm-tip catheters, whose placement was oriented in the region of larger obstruction, assisted by the TEE. Temperature-controlled and staggered RF applications were performed. After each application, the gradient was reassessed and a new application was performed according to the clinical criterion. The effects of RF applications were assessed both for the gradient at rest and for that provoked by the Valsalva maneuver, and considering the gradient. The differences were significant when p-value was lower than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS: It was possible to observe that the mean reduction of the maximum gradients was from 96.8±34.7 mmHg to 62.7±25.4 mmHg three months after the procedure (p=0.0036). After one year, the mean of maximum gradient was 36.1±23.8 mmHg (p=0.0001). The procedure was well tolerated, without records of complete atrioventricular block nor severe complications. CONCLUSION: The TEE-guided septal ablation was efficient and safe, and the results were maintained during the clinical follow-up period. It is a reasonable option for the interventionist treatment of LVOT obstruction in HCM.

FUNDAMENTOS: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) pode causar obstrução da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) e ser responsável pelo surgimento de sintomas limitantes, como cansaço físico. Quando tais sintomas são refratários ao tratamento farmacológico, os tratamentos alternativos intervencionistas podem ser úteis, como a ablação septal por meio da infusão de álcool na artéria coronária ou por meio da miectomia cirúrgica. Recentemente, o uso de cateter de radiofrequência (RF) para ablação do septo endocárdico guiado por mapeamento eletroanatômico mostrou-se eficaz apesar da elevada incidência de bloqueio atrioventricular total. Uma alternativa seria a aplicação de radiofrequência no ponto de início do gradiente septal guiada pelo ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). O ecocardiograma é um método de imagem com elevada acurácia para determinação da anatomia septal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito em longo prazo da ablação septal para alívio do gradiente ventrículo-arterial, utilizando o ETE para auxiliar no posicionamento do cateter na área de maior obstrução septal. Avaliar também os efeitos da ablação na classe funcional e parâmetros ecocardiográficos. MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes sintomáticos com obstrução da VSVE, refratários à terapia farmacológica, foram submetidos à ablação endocárdica septal com cateteres com ponta de 8 mm, cujo posicionamento foi orientado na região de maior obstrução com auxílio do ETE. Foram realizadas aplicações de radiofrequência (RF) termocontrolada e escalonadas sobre a área alvo. Após cada aplicação, o gradiente era reavaliado e nova aplicação era realizada de acordo com critério clínico. Foram avaliados os efeitos das aplicações de RF tanto para o gradiente em repouso como para o provocado por meio da manobra de Valsalva, e considerado o gradiente. As diferenças foram significativas quando o valor de p foi menor ou igual a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a redução da média dos gradientes máximos obtidos foi de 96,8±34,7 mmHg para 62,7±25,4 mmHg ao final de três meses do procedimento (p=0,0036). Após um ano, a média dos gradientes máximos obtidos foi de 36,1±23,8 mmHg (p=0,0001). O procedimento foi bem tolerado e não houve registro de bloqueio atrioventricular total e nem complicações graves. CONCLUSÃO: A ablação septal guiada pelo ETE foi eficaz e segura, com resultados mantidos durante o período de seguimento clínico. É uma opção razoável para o tratamento intervencionista da obstrução da VSVE em CMH.

Miocardiopatía hipertrófica: encare clínico y opciones de tratamiento / Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical approach and treatment options / Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica: abordagem clínica e opções de tratamento

Resumen: La miocardiopatía hipertrófica (MCH) constituye una enfermedad compleja y muy variable en cuanto a su presentación morfológica, fisiopatológica y sintomática, así como en su pronóstico. Su intrincado sustrato genético ha sido objeto de una permanente y productiva investigación en las últimas décadas. En correspondencia con esta complejidad, su manejo clínico representa un desafío, aun para los cardiólogos más experimentados. La presente controversia comienza con una valiosa actualización por parte del Dr. Walter Reyes sobre la valoración del riesgo individual de muerte súbita en el paciente portador de esta patología, sin duda el más temido evento que pueda presentarse durante su transcurso. En este abordaje se podrá apreciar la evolución de los conceptos, desde la aplicación de los clásicos factores de riesgo obtenidos de los primeros estudios en poblaciones más o menos seleccionadas, hasta las recomendaciones más recientes de la American Heart Association y la European Society of Cardiology, capitalizando la nueva información. Luego, como es habitual y dado el objetivo esencialmente práctico de esta sección, se propone una viñeta sobre un caso de MCH obstructiva en la que el autor aplica, a forma de ejercicio clínico, la información brindada en la revisión previa. A continuación se plantea la controversia propiamente dicha, donde el debate se centra en la elección de la técnica más apropiada de reducción septal en el caso propuesto, cuyas características apuntan a la necesidad de un abordaje invasivo. Dos prestigiosos invitados exponen sus argumentos en favor de cada alternativa. El Dr. Hartzell Shaff propone la miectomía septal quirúrgica como el procedimiento más adecuado, y el Dr. Pedro Trujillo plantea la ablación septal percutánea como solución de elección. El desarrollo de ambas exposiciones permitirá al lector apreciar la importancia de un enfoque individualizado, dada la riqueza de información clínica, anatomofuncional y propia de cada procedimiento que se requiere para inclinar la balanza en favor de uno u otro. Ambos autores coinciden en el beneficio de contar con un equipo especializado y experimentado para la obtención de buenos resultados con cualquiera de las técnicas.

Summary: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a complex and highly variable disease in terms of morphological, pathophysiological and symptomatic presentation, as well as in its prognosis. Its intricate genetic substrate has been subject of permanent research in recent decades. Corresponding to this complexity, its clinical management represents a challenge, even for the most experienced cardiologists. The present controversy begins with a valuable update by Dr. Walter Reyes about assessment of individual risk of sudden death in the patient with this disease, without doubt the most feared event that may occur during its course. In this approach, evolution of concepts can be appreciated, from the application of the classic risk factors obtained from the first studies, to the most recent recommendations of the American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology. Since the practical objective of this section, a clinical case is proposed on an obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the author applies, as a clinical exercise, the information provided in the previous review. Next, the controversy itself arises, where the debate focuses on the choice of the most appropriate septal reduction technique. Two prestigious guests present their arguments in favour of each alternative. Prof. Hartzell Shaff proposes surgical septal myectomy as the most appropriate procedure, and Dr. Pedro Trujillo proposes percutaneous septal ablation as the solution of choice. The exposures will allow the reader to appreciate the importance of an individualized approach, given the amount of clinical, anatomic, functional and specific information of each procedure that is required to tip the balance in favour of one or the other. Both authors agree on the benefit of having a specialized and experienced team to obtain good results with any of the techniques.

Resumo: A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é uma doença complexa e altamente variável em termos de apresentação morfológica, fisiopatológica e sintomática, bem como em seu prognóstico. Seu intrincado substrato genético tem sido objeto de pesquisa permanente nas últimas décadas. Correspondendo a essa complexidade, seu manejo clínico representa um desafio, mesmo para os cardiologistas mais experientes. A presente controvérsia começa com uma atualização valiosa do Dr. Walter Reyes sobre a avaliação do risco individual de morte súbita no paciente com esta doença, sem dúvida o evento mais temido que pode ocorrer durante seu curso. Nessa abordagem, a evolução dos conceitos pode ser apreciada, desde a aplicação dos fatores de risco clássicos obtidos nos primeiros estudos, até as recomendações mais recentes da American Heart Association e da European Society of Cardiology. Como o objetivo prático desta seção, é proposto um caso clínico em uma cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva, no qual o autor aplica, como exercício clínico, as informações fornecidas na revisão anterior. Em seguida, surge a própria controvérsia, onde o debate se concentra na escolha da técnica de redução septal mais apropriada. Dois convidados de prestígio apresentam seus argumentos em favor de cada alternativa. O professor Hartzell Shaff propõe a miectomia septal cirúrgica como o procedimento mais apropriado e o Dr. Pedro Trujillo propõe a ablação septal percutânea como a solução de escolha. As exposições permitirão ao leitor apreciar a importância de uma abordagem individualizada, dada a quantidade de informações clínicas, anatômicas, funcionais e específicas de cada procedimento, necessárias para inclinar a balança em favor de uma ou de outra. Ambos os autores concordam com o benefício de ter uma equipe especializada e experiente para obter bons resultados com qualquer uma das técnicas.

Ablación septal con alcohol guiada con ecocardiograma para el manejo de la cardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva / Echocardiography-guided alcohol septal ablation for the management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar el primer caso de ablación septal con alcohol guiada por ecocardiografía realizada en la Costa Atlántica. Material y métodos: Paciente femenina de 74 años de edad con cuadro clínico de disnea, dolor anginoso y síncope recurrente, en quien se diagnosticó hipertrofia septal asimétrica con obstrucción dinámica con gradiente de 60 mm Hg y movimiento anterior sistólico de la valva anterior de la mitral. Se le indicó ablación septal con alcohol. Resultados: Se cateteriza selectivamente arteria primera septal donde a través de ecocardiograma se evidencia que es la rama a ablacionar y se pasan 1,5 ml de alcohol, con lo cual se produce adecuada interrupción de flujo y caída del gradiente de presiones. Procedimiento exitoso sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se reporta el primer caso de ablación septal con alcohol guiado mediante ecocardiograma, realizado en la costa Atlántica.

Abstract Objective: To report the first case of echocardiography-guided alcohol septal ablation carried out in the Costa Atlantica, Colombia. Material and methods: The case concerns a 74 year-old female patient with a clinical picture of dyspnoea, agina pain, and recurrent syncope. She was diagnosed with asymmetric septal hypertrophy with a dynamic obsrtuction with a gradient of 60 mmHg and a systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve. Septal ablation with alcohol was indicated. Results: The primary septal artery that was catheterised using echocardiography showed that it was the branch ablate, and 1.5 ml alcohol was injected. This led to an adequate interuption of the flow and drop in the gradient pressures. The procedure was successful with no complications. Conclusions: The first case is reported of echocardiography-guided alcohol septal ablation carried out in the Costa Atlantica.

The animal study of echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of the interventricular septum / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the safety and long-term efficacy of a new treatment, echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of the animal interventricular septum (IVS), for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM).@*Methods@#Ten healthy sheep were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group: sheath puncture with laser ablation (energy: 3 W, 1000 J), sham control group: sheath puncture only without laser ablation. Echocardiography and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded before operation, immediately after operation, and 1, 3 and 6-month after the operation. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, longitudinal strain, difference of time to peak between the ablation segment and the surrounding segments were analyzed. Blood samples were collected before and one hour after the operation to examine the serological results.@*Results@#Immediately and 6 months after the operation, all animals survived with normal cardiac function. No severe complications such as cardiac tamponade or bundle branch block occurred. The Troponin I level was significantly elevated immediately after the operation(P<0.05). The thickness of the ablated IVS was significantly reduced 6 months after the operation compared with before the operation[(3.23±1.21)mm vs (8.53±0.44)mm, P<0.05]. M-mode echocardiography showed that the amplitude of movement of the ablated region of the experimental group 6 months after the operation was significantly decreased compared with the control group(P<0.05). Three dimensional strain analysis showed that for the experimental group, the longitudinal strain of the ablation segment was significantly reduced and the difference of time to peak was significantly delayed, compared with the control group(P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of IVS is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive method. It is capable to reduce the volume of IVS without influencing the cardiac function, which makes it a potential alternative for HOCM treatment.

The animal study of echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of the interventricular septum / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To investigate the safety and long-term efficacy of a new treatment,echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of the animal interventricular septum (IVS),for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM).Methods Ten healthy sheep were randomly divided into two groups:experimental group:sheath puncture with laser ablation (energy:3 W,1000 J),sham control group:sheath puncture only without laser ablation.Echocardiography and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded before operation,immediately after operation,and 1,3 and 6-month after the operation.Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function,longitudinal strain,difference of time to peak between the ablation segment and the surrounding segments were analyzed.Blood samples were collected before and one hour after the operation to examine the serological results.Results Immediately and 6 months after the operation,all animals survived with normal cardiac function.No severe complications such as cardiac tamponade or bundle branch block occurred.The Troponin I level was significantly elevated immediately after the operation(P ＜0.05).The thickness of the ablated IVS was significantly reduced 6 months after the operation compared with before the operation[(3.23 ± 1.21)mm vs (8.53 ± 0.44)mm,P ＜0.05].Mmode echocardiography showed that the amplitude of movement of the ablated region of the experimental group 6 months after the operation was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P ＜0.05).Three dimensional strain analysis showed that for the experimental group,the longitudinal strain of the ablation segment was significantly reduced and the difference of time to peak was significantly delayed,compared with the control group(P ＜0.05).Conclusions Echocardiography-guided transthoracic laser ablation of IVS is a safe,effective,and minimally invasive method.It is capable to reduce the volume of IVS without influencing the cardiac function,which makes it a potential alternative for HOCM treatment.

A single-center comparative study of alcohol septal ablation(SA) and surgery myectomy(SM) for refractory hyper-trophic obstructive cardiomyopathy( HOCM) / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective Septal reduction therapies were recommended for drug-refractory patients with hypertrophic ob-structive cardiomyopathy(HOCM).To explore and compare the effectiveness and safety in patients with hypertrophic obstruc-tive cardiomyopathy(HOCM) treated with surgery myectomy(SM) and alcohol septal ablation(SA).Methods The clinical data of 260 patients performed SA(n=184) or SM(n=76)between September 2002 and September 2014 in our institute were retrospectively reviewed.The t-test, rank sum test and chi-square test were used to compare the differences between the two groups, and the Cox regression model was used for multivariate survival analysis.All-cause mortality, cardiac cause death(peri-operative death were included ) , heart function improvement , procedure-related complications and permanent pacemaker de-pendence( PPM) constituted the main contents of this study .Results Compared with patients treated with SM , patients un-dergone SA were poor heart function status(2.97 ±0.29 vs 2.50 ±0.56, P =0.01), more prevalence of atrial fibrillation( 15.14％ vs 6.80％, P=0.046) and longer follow-up period[(5.4 ±3.8) years vs(2.5 ±2.2) years, P =0.01)].All-cause mortality for SA and SM were 3.3％ and 14.5％ respectively(P=0.001).The fatal cardiac events of SA and SM were 1.63％ and 13.16％ respectively(P<0.001).Sudden cardiac arrest were the main cardiac cause death for both patients trea-ted with SA and SM.The cardiac death of left ventricular systolic dysfunction was main found in patients treated with SM . Heart function improvement(NYHA) after SA and SM were 1.23 ±0.61 and 0.88 ±0.64 respectively(all P <0.01).And SA had a lower procedure-related PPM implantation(1.63％ vs 4.20％, P<0.05).Conclusion Our results shown that SA have survival advantage, lower PPM and similar heart function improvement compared with SM for refractory patients with HOCM.

Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica / Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica caracteriza-se por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, na ausência de condições que a justifiquem, desarranjo miofibrilar e fibrose progressiva determinada geneticamente por mutação em gene que codifica proteína do sarcômero. Sua expressão fenotípica é extremamente variada, com diferentes graus e localização de hipertrofia, sendo as formas septal assimétrica e não obstrutiva (a qual não se detecta gradiente intraventricular apesar do uso de manobras provocativas) as mais prevalentes. O tratamento visa principalmente o alívio dos sintomas e a prevenção de morte súbita com implante de cardiodesfibriladores em pacientes considerados de alto risco. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que o uso de bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II nas formas não obstrutivas da doença está associado à regressão da hipertrofia e fibrose, além da melhora da função diastólica, iniciando-se uma era de uma nova meta terapêutica, a de prevenção da progressão da doença. O tratamento farmacológico inclui os betabloqueadores, considerados medicamentos de primeira escolha, antagonistas de cálcio, disopiramida e amiodarona, a última indicada principalmente para tratamento de arritmias complexas e prevenção de recidiva da fibrilação atrial. O tratamento invasivo está indicado para os pacientes que persistem sintomáticos apesar do tratamento farmacológico otimizado e com gradientes intraventriculares de repouso ou provocados superiores a 50mmHg. Entre as modalidades de tratamento invasivo, a miectomia septal persiste como primeira escolha, seguida da alcoolização septal.

The Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of conditions that justify it, myofibril disarray and fibrosis, progressive, genetically determined by mutations in the gene encoding protein of the sarcomere. Its expression is extremely varied, with different degrees of hypertrophy and location, being that the septal form is asymmetric and not obstrusive (which is not detected intraventricular gradients despite the use of provocative maneuvers), the most prevalent. Treatment is intended primarily to relieve symptoms and the prevention of sudden death with implantation of cardiac defibrillators in patients considered of high risk. Recent studies have shown that the use of receptor blockers angiotensin II in non obstructive disease is associated with regression of hypertrophy and fibrosis, besides improvement in diastolic function, initiating an era of a new therapeutic goal, the prevention of disease progression. Pharmacological treatment includes beta-blockers which are considered firstchoice drugs, calcium antagonists, disopyramide and amiodarone, the latter mainly indicated for treatment of complex arrhythmias and prevention of recurrence of atrial fibrillation. The invasive treatment is indicated for patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal pharmacological treatment and with resting or provocable intraventricular gradients exceeding 50 mmHg. Among the methods of invasive treatment, septal myectomy remains the first choice, followed by percutaneous alcohol septal ablation.

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (ptsma) of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Indonesian initial experience.

Aim Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA), a non-surgical intervention to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), has been a standard treatment in developed countries. However, this procedure not yet systematically performed in Indonesia. This case series aim to study feasibility, safety and efficacy of PTSMA in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta. M ethods Three HCM patients (2 male) with dynamic left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradient of higher than 30 mmHg underwent PTSMA. Left ventricle apex pressure was measured using multipurpose catheter and aortic pressure was measured by means of left coronary guiding catheter simultaneously. Target vessel is confirmed by myocardial echocardiography contrast. Two ml absolute alcohol delivered to the target vessel by means over the wire balloon. Immediate pressure gradient changed 10 minute after alcohol administration was recorded. Continuous ECG monitoring is attemted along the procedure. Results All subject demonstrated more than 50% LVOT pressure gradient reduction. One subject experienced transient total AV block and right bundle branch block which completely recovered 6 hours after procedure. In one patient, target vessel must be changed as it gives perfusion to extensive area of right ventricle. Conclusion PTSMA guided with myocardial echocardiography contrast is feasible, safe and effective to reduce LVOT pressure gradient in HCM patient.